Opinion No. 14-25 RE: Non-Stock Corporations; Quorum and Voting; Voting Rights

SEC Building, EDSA, Greenhills, Mandaluyong City Securities and Exchange Commission Republic of the Philippines Department of Finance

Office of the General Counsel

4 September 2014

Re:Non-Stock Quorum and Voting; Voting Rights SEC-OGC Opinion No. 14-25 Corporations;

Apo Golf & Country Club, Inc. Bago, 8000 Davao City MR.GERARDO L.ROMERO-SALAS President

Si:

Golf and Country Club, Inc. (APO), requesting for our opinion on queries in connection with non-stock corporations, quorum and voting requirements, and voting rights. This is in response to your letter dated 4 November 2013 written on behalf of Apo

Commission (SEC) on 1 February 1962, under SEC Registration No. 0000020158. APO is a domestic corporation registered with the Securities and Exchange

Amended By-Laws2 of APO as the basis for your queries. You presented pertinent provisions of the Articles of Incorporation ("AOI") and the

2 The Amended By-Laws of APO provide: 1 The Seventh Article reads: Corporation, that Membership Fee Certificate will not be issued in excess of two hundred fifty (250); that the voting powers in the corporation are vested in the individuals, and no member will have more than one vote. And provided, further, that there will be no honorary members. natural or juridical person in whose name a CERTIFICATE OF OWNERSHIP has been issued. Club shall consist of natural and juridical persons in whose names CERTIFICATES OF OWNERSHIP had been duly issued, Provided, however: That the Certificates of ownership shall not be issued in excess of FIVE HUNDRED (500) Certificates of Ownership, so that from and after February 26, 1966 not more than one Certificate shall be issued to any Proprietary Member. membership therein and the right of participation in its assets shall be acquired and enjoyed by the Active Members of the corporation as follows: That Active Members of the corporation shall pay upon admission a membership fee of not less than P2,000 either in cash or in installments as provided in the By-Laws, Provided, that each Membership Fee Certificate will represent a pro rata equity in the assets of the Seventh -- That the corporation shall have no shares of stock and that the Section 2 - (Proprietary Membership defined): Proprietary Member is a Section 3 -- (Proprietary Members Consist): The Proprietary Members of the KINDS OF MEMBERSHIP -- THEIR RIGHTS DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS ARTICLE II XXX

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maximum allowable number of members to be at five hundred (500), as the By-Laws of APO members on record are more than two hundred fifty (250) but not more than 500. All members were issued their Certificates of Membership. provide that the issuance of Certificates of Ownership shall not exceed 500. However, the AOI limits the issuance of Membership Certificates to a maximum of 250. The current active According to you, the past APO Board of Directors and Officers assumed the

Finance Department. You were then advised to consult this Office regarding your legal discovered the discrepancy, and imposed a fine on APO for the unauthorized issuances of Certificates of Membership in excess of 250. The fine was correspondingly paid by APO. concerns relevant to this affair. for clarifications from the SEC, through a conference with SEC's Corporate Governance and With the discovered inconsistencies between the AOI and the By-Laws of APO, you sought When APO sought to increase the membership to one thousand (1,000), the SEC

The following are your queries:

2.Are APO's present "Certificates of Membership" considered "Proprietary" or "Non- 3. Are the provisions disallowing proxies to vote on issues related to amendment of By. 1. Is APO a stock corporation or a non-stock corporation? Laws contrary to the provisions of the Corporation Code of the Philippines ("Code")? Proprietary?"

for the purpose. approval hereof, the number of Proprietary Members may be increased by TWO- THIRDS (2/3) VOTE of the members at a regular meeting or a special meeting called Section 4 --(Increase of Proprietary Members): At any time from the date of

concerned with legal authority to do so. participation in the assets of the club on a pro rata basis. owned by a juridical person it shall be voted personally by the officer of the entity Section 8 -(Voting a Certificate): A Certificate shall be voted, but if it is Section 6 - (Participation in Assets): All Proprietary Members shall have a XXX XXy

3 Batas Pambansa Blg. 68 (1980). Proprietary Members personally present and in good standing, shall constitute a quorum. Proxies shall not be allowed. amending this Amended By-Laws, at least TWO-THIRDS (2/3) of the members in good standing shall constitute a quorum at which meetings PROXIES shall be admitted in determining a quorum but shall not be allowed to vote. quorum except in meetings where the law requires a greater number to determine a Section 6 -- (Quorum when amending By-Laws): For the purpose of Section 5 - (Quorum in the meetings): Fifteen percent (15%) of the MEETINGS OF THE PROPRIETARY MEMBERS ARTICLE V XXX

Re: Non-Stock Corporations; Quorum and SEC-OGC Opinion No. 14-25 Voting; Voting Rights Page 3 of 6 4. If APO is considered to be a stock corporation and there are no provisions providing 5. If Article V, Sections 5 and 6 of the By-Laws provide that only members personally 7. If APO is considered to be a non-stock corporation and there are no provisions 1. 8 In a meeting to amend the By-Laws of APO, is the required vote, (a) two-thirds of all members in good standing; (b) two-thirds of the members present and constituting a With Article II Section 4 of APO's By-Laws providing for a requirement of two- for the process of amendment of the AOI in both the AOI and By-Laws, will proxies be allowed to vote in such amendment? standing shall be the basis regardless if the number of members has been present and "in good standing, are to be considered in the determination of quorum for meetings and amendment of By-Laws, does it mean that only members "in good significantly reduced? quorum in such meeting to amend the AOI; or (c) two-thirds of all the members whether in good standing or not? providing for the process of amending APO's AOI in both the AOI and By-Laws, will Section 16 of the Code apply to APO where written assent of two-thirds (2/3) of its members in good standing be sufficient to ratify such amendment?

9. If APO is considered to be a non-stock corporation, will each "Certificate of 10. With the payment of the abovementioned fine for the issuance of the additional thirds (2/3) vote of the members at a regular or special meeting to increase the number allowed, if APO is considered as non-stock corporation or stock corporation, Membership" be entitled to one vote? Or should each member be entitled to only one of Proprietary Members, will written assent as abovementioned or proxies still be respectively? vote regardless of the number of "Certificate of Membership" one member holds? membership certificates based on Article II, Section 3 of the SEC-approved Amended By-Laws, what is now the authorized membership of APO? Is it 500 members or 250 members?

purposes other than profit, or for those purposes mentioned in Section 88 of the Code.5 distributed as dividends to its members, trustees, or officers, x x x." It is one which exists for of the Corporation Code, a non-stock corporation is one where no part of its income is As to the first query, APO is a non-stock corporation. As aptly defined in Section 87

legitimate athletic exercises, sports, and entertainment of all kinds; to establish, maintain and conduct a club house or a club room; to purchase, lease or otherwise acquire such real and connection with the conduct of affairs of the corporation; and, generally, to do and perform such acts and things, and to exercise such powers as are ordinarily done, performed and personal property, athletic or other equipment as may be necessary or convenient in exercised by social and athletic clubs and associations. Further, under the Seventh Article of APO's AOI, the corporation shall have no shares of stock and that the members shall only APO's purposes, as provided for in its AOI, are "to foster, promote and conduct

purposes, like trade, industry, agricultural and like chambers, or any combination thereof x x x. 4 De Casa, Handbook on Private Corporations (2009), p. 561. 5 Section 88. Purposes. - Non-stock corporations may be formed or organized for charitable, religious, educational, professional, cultural, fraternal, literary, scientific, social, civic service, or similar

Re: Non-Stock Corporations; Quorum and SEC-OGC Opinion No. 14-25 Voting; Voting Rights

Page 4 of 6 have participation in its assets. As APO's purposes are primarily not for profit, coupled with the absence of shares of stock, APO is considered a non-stock corporation.

Implementing Rules and Regulations ("IRR") of the Securities Regulation Code ("SRC) defines a proprietary share or certificate as an evidence of interest or participation or privilege in a corporation which not only entitles the holder to enjoy the use of a specific property but also to dividends or earnings of said company. Upon liquidation of the company. a holder of a proprietary share shall have proportionate ownership right over its assets.If, in addition to the use of a specific property, the certificate entitles the holder only to a share in the corporate assets upon liquidation and not to dividends or the corporation's earnings, the certificate does not lose its proprietary character. In relation to the second query, APO's membership certificates are proprietary. The

of the corporation. Hence, the said certificates are proprietary certificates. the Membership Fee Certificate that APO will issue represents a pro rata equity in the assets The Seventh Article APO's AOI and Section 6, Article II of its By-Laws provide that

incorporation or by-laws of a non-stock corporation may prohibit proxy voting in any meeting or measure of the non-stock corporation. In case of APO, its By-Laws, as you pointed out, deny proxy voting. provided in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws of a non-stock corporation, a member may vote by proxy in accordance with the provisions of the Code. Hence, the articles of Concerning the third query, Section 89 of the Code provides that unless otherwise

provision prohibiting proxy voting in stock corporations, being contrary to law, is void.i1 applicable to both stockand non-stock corporations, stockholders/members to vote by proxy. Thus, in any stock corporation, proxies may vote on corporate matters, including amendment of the AOI and the By-Laws. Moreover, a by-law With regard to the fourth query, Section 58 of the Code, which is a general provision expresslyallows

members is a quorum for the transaction of a corporation's business and other corporate acts imposes a different rule, the by-laws may provide for more or less than the majority of the members.13 However, in cases where the Code requires or fixes a minimum stockholders' or unless otherwise provided in the Code or in the by-laws.12 Save in cases in which the Code members' vote for a certain corporate action (e.g., 2/3 of the stockholders representing the then there must necessarily be present or represented such number of members or stocks outstanding capital stock or the members, for amendment of the articles of incorporation), About the fifth query, we answer it in the affirmative. As a rule, a majority of

1 SEC Opinion dated 10 March 1988, addressed to Philippine Women Bowling Association, Inc. 11 SEC Opinion dated 16 October 1990, addressed to Belo Abierra and Associates. 6 Republic Act No. 8799 (2000). 8 SEC Opinion No. 05-12, dated 24 October 2005, addressed to LIBRA LAW. 12 B.P. 68, Section 52. 13 Fisher, The Philippine Law of Stock corporations (1929), p. 197. 7 Rule 3, Section 1(L). 9 Article V, Sections 5 and 6 of the Amended By-Laws.

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Page 5 of 6 needed to make the required minimum vote. In other words, this required minimum vote would in effect also be the required quorum in such cases.

stockholders or members whose stockholder or membership rights are NOT lost due to Code.f Accordingly, delinquent stockholders or members are not included in determining the delinquency pursuant to Section 7115 of the Code. Disenfranchisement due to delinquency is existence of quorum.' also applicable to the members of a non-stock corporation, pursuant to Section 87 of the It must be noted that the basis for determining the existence of quorum is the group of

special meeting duly called for the purpose, for the amendment or repeal of the by-laws or the adoption of new by-laws. However, the articles of incorporation or by-laws of a corporation majority of the non-delinquent members is required. the trustees and of a majority of the members of a non-stock corporation, at a regular or may prescribe a number of votes higher than a simple majority for this matter.18 In relation members. Therefore, to effect an amendment of the By-Laws, a vote of at least such a thereto, the basis of this majority, whether simple or greater, is the group of non-delinquent Concerning the sixth query, Section 48 of the Code requires the vote of a majority of

provisions of the Code, being the law governing corporations, shall apply. Under Section 16 term, a meeting of the members is necessary under Section 37 of the Code.2c rules are provided for in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws of a corporation, the of the Code, any provision or matter stated in the articles of incorporation of a non-stock corporation may be amended by a majority vote of the board of directors or trustees and the vote or written assent of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members. A members' meeting is not necessary in amending the articles of incorporation, as mere written assent of the members will suffice.19 However, if the amendment consists in extending or shortening the corporate With regards the seventh query, we answer it in the affirmative. In cases where no

reiterate our answers in the third and fourth queries: if APO is a stock corporation, proxies matter requiring the amendment of APO's By-Laws. Amendment or adoption of new By- Laws may be done only during a meeting duly called for the purpose,21 regardless of whether vote in that particular matter, it will depend on the nature of the corporation. Hence, we APO is a stock or non-stock corporation. Hence, written assent of stockholders or members will not suffice for the amendment of the By-Laws. As to the matter of allowing proxies to As for the eighth query, the increase in the number of Proprietary Members is a

14 Campos, The Corporation Code (1 990), p. 419. 15 Section '71. Effect of delinquency. No delinquent stock shall be voted for or be entitled to vote or 16 SEC Opinion dated 29 September 2000, addressed to Mr. Antonio M. Elicano. 17 SEC Opinion dated 13 March 1998, addressed to Atty. Jose A. Feria, Jr. 18 De Leon, The Corporation Code of the Philippines Annotated (2006), p. 478. to representation at any stockholder's meeting, nor shall the holder thereof be entitled to any of the 19 SEC Opinion dated 31 May 1996, addressed to Atty. Euney Marie J. Mata. 20 De Leon, p.171. 21 B.P. 68, Section 48. rights of a stockholder except the right to dividends in accordance with the provisions of this Code x X X

Re: Non-Stock Corporations; Quorum and SEC-OGC Opinion No. 14-25 Voting; Voting Rights Page 6 of 6 are allowed to vote; if it is non-stock, proxies are also allowed to vote, unless otherwise provided in its AOI or By-Laws.

the members of any class or classes to vote may be limited, broadened or denied to the extent Seventh Article of APO's AOI is very clear: "no member will have more than one vote." specified in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws, and unless so limited, broadened or denied, each member, regardless of class, shall be entitled to one vote. The provision in the In connection with the ninth query, Section 89 of the Code provides that the right of

to,22 and cannot contravene,23 the corporate charter. As provided for in the AOI, the the AOI and the By-Laws of APO. When the by-laws of a corporation are inconsistent with maximum permitted number of Certificates of Membership issued by APO is limited to 250, members is the maximum number of Certificates that may be issued, that is, 250, by virtue of the AOI, and not 500 as stated in the by-laws. the articles of incorporation, the latter shall be controlling, as the by-laws are subordinate and no member shall be issued more than one Certificate. Hence, the maximum number of As for the tenth query, the question arose from what appears to be a conflict between

inquiry and investigation, it will be disclosed that the facts relied upon are different, this the facts and circumstances disclosed and relevant solely to the particular issue raised therein and shall not be used in the nature of a standing rule binding upon the Commission in other cases or upon the courts whether of similar or dissimilar circumstances. If, upon further opinion shall be rendered void.24 It shall be understood, however, that the foregoing opinion is rendered based solely on

Please be guided accordingly.

Very truly yours,

A CAM O S.CORREA General Counsel

22 SEC Opinion dated 4 October 2001, addressed to Attys. Zenaida L. Salipsip and Atty. Teodulo G. 24 SEC Memorandum Cricular No. 15, Series of 2003. San Juan, Jr. 23 B.P. 68, Section 47.