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Nov 7, 2008labor-lawfour-fold testemployer-employee relationshipillegal dismissalinsurance agentscontrol test
Independent Contractor or Employee: The Four-Fold Test in Philippine Labor Law
When is an insurance agent an employee, not an independent contractor? The Supreme Court explains the four-fold test and the crucial "control test" in Tongko v. Manulife.
Bouncing Checks and Estafa in the Philippines: The Tongko Case Explained
Learn how the Supreme Court in People v. Tongko clarified when issuing bouncing checks constitutes estafa under Philippine law.