Legal Insights

Plain-language guides and case briefs on Philippine law — researched from the firm's law library of 184,000+ statutes, Supreme Court decisions, and agency issuances, and written so non-lawyers can understand and act on them.

Showing 12731296 of 1,683 articles for penalty

Online Psychological Abuse Under RA 9262: High Court Sets Rules on Social Media Evidence

Supreme Court clarifies how to prove authorship of abusive Facebook posts and raises penalties when ICT is used in VAWC cases.

Personal Liability in Corporate Obligations When Signing Blurs the Line

When do corporate officers become personally liable for company debts? A Supreme Court ruling on trust receipts and letters of credit provides clear guidance.

Double Jeopardy and Modification of Criminal Penalties: Protecting the Accused

The Supreme Court rules that courts cannot increase a convicted person's penalty on the prosecution's motion, citing double jeopardy protections.

Rape and Parental Authority: Why Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubt Still Matters in Philippine Courts

Philippine Supreme Court acquits father in incestuous rape case, ruling that parental authority and relationship alone cannot substitute for proof beyond reasonable doubt.

Self-Defense vs. Treachery: Burden of Proof and Elements in Philippine Law

Explaining the burden of proof in self-defense claims and how treachery qualifies killing to murder under Philippine law.

Rape Conviction Affirmed: The Weight of a Victim's Testimony and Corroborating Medical Evidence

A look at how the Supreme Court upheld a rape conviction, relying on the victim's credible testimony and medical findings.

Hold Departure Orders: Why Only Regional Trial Courts Can Issue Them

A Supreme Court ruling clarifies that only Regional Trial Courts may issue hold-departure orders, protecting the constitutional right to travel.

Treachery in Philippine Criminal Law: Elements and Legal Implications

Understand treachery (alevosia) as a qualifying circumstance in murder under Philippine law, explained through a landmark Supreme Court case.

Witness Credibility and Treachery in Murder Cases: Lessons from People v. Medios

The Supreme Court affirms a murder conviction, explaining how credible eyewitness testimony, conspiracy, and treachery establish guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

Judicial Ethics: When a Judge's Business Ties Undermine Impartiality

A judge's reprimand for attending corporate meetings shows how judicial office prestige cannot be used for private interests.

Positive Identification Over Alibi: When Witness Testimony Prevails in Murder Cases

The Supreme Court explains why positive identification by eyewitnesses outweighs alibi and denial in murder cases, affirming a conviction for treachery.

Parental Authority VS Statutory Rape Allegation OF Minority Must BE Explicit FOR Qualified Rape Conviction

SC rules minority must be alleged in information for qualified rape; Laciste convicted of simple rape, not death penalty.

Intact Hymen Does Not Negate Rape: SC Upholds Conviction But Reduces Death Penalty

Supreme Court affirms rape conviction despite intact hymen, but reduces death penalty to reclusion perpetua for lack of qualifying circumstances.

Dying Declarations and Witness Credibility: Reevaluating Guilt in Homicide Cases

Philippine Supreme Court clarifies rape conviction standards, intact hymen evidence, and proper death penalty application in People v. Dayna.

Upholding Contractual Agreements: Trust Receipts and Surety Agreements in Loan Obligations

The Supreme Court reaffirms that contracts are the law between parties, enforcing stipulated interest, penalties, and service charges in trust receipt loan transactions.

Proving Victim’s Age in Rape Cases: When Death Penalty Fails

In People v. Virrey, the Supreme Court ruled that minority must be proven beyond reasonable doubt before the death penalty can be imposed in rape cases.

Judicial Accountability: Timely Case Resolution and Efficiency in Philippine Courts

A Supreme Court ruling on a judge fined for delayed case decisions underscores the duty of Philippine judges to resolve cases within reglementary periods.

Rape Conviction Upheld: Voice Identification and the Requirement of Pleading Qualifying Circumstances

The Supreme Court affirms a rape conviction based on voice identification but reduces the death penalty to reclusion perpetua because the information failed to allege qualifying circumstances.

Cattle Rustling: When Taking and Ownership Are Proven in Large Cattle Theft

Philippine Supreme Court clarifies what proves in cattle rustling is broad.** A caretaker, herdsman, or anyone in lawful possession counts as an owner for purposes of consent under P.D. 533.

Judge Dismissed for Extramarital Affair: Gross Immorality and Bar Sanctions

The Supreme Court dismissed a judge for gross immorality over an extramarital affair and suspended him from law practice for three years.

Interest on Penalties: The Limits of Compounding in Loan Obligations

Philippine Supreme Court clarifies when interest may be charged on unpaid penalty charges in loan contracts, and when courts may reduce unconscionable penalties.

Guilt Beyond Doubt: Circumstantial Evidence and Illegal Firearms in Murder Conviction

How the Supreme Court upheld a murder conviction based on circumstantial evidence and illegal firearms possession under PD 1866.

Dismissal for Judicial Misconduct: Impartiality and Diligence in Granting Hospital Confinement

A judge's dismissal for granting hospital confinement without hearing shows why diligence and impartiality are non-negotiable in every judicial act.

Treachery Unveiled When Opportunity TO Escape Negates A Finding OF Murder

Supreme Court explains when a victim's opportunity to escape or defend himself negates treachery, reducing murder to homicide.