Legal Insights
Plain-language guides and case briefs on Philippine law — researched from the firm's law library of 184,000+ statutes, Supreme Court decisions, and agency issuances, and written so non-lawyers can understand and act on them.
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Enforcing Debt Obligations: Promissory Notes and Checks as Evidence in Sales Transactions
Supreme Court rules promissory notes and dishonored checks can prove a sale and enforce payment, reversing the Court of Appeals.
Promissory Note Alterations Raised for First Time on Appeal Not Considered
Supreme Court rules that a defense of material alteration of a promissory note cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.
Promissory Notes Enforceability and the Limits of Contractual Interpretation
Supreme Court clarifies that a creditor must prove the exact deficiency amount with supporting evidence, not just present a bare statement of account.
Waiver of Demand in Promissory Notes: Upholding Contractual Obligations
Philippine Supreme Court ruling on waiver of demand clauses in promissory notes and their binding effect on borrowers.
Default Demand and Interest: Understanding Promissory Note Obligations in the Philippines
A Supreme Court ruling clarifies when a debtor is in default, how interest is computed, and what makes stipulated rates unconscionable.
Promissory Notes Enforceability and the Absence of Vitiated Consent
When is a promissory note valid despite claims of pressure? The Supreme Court clarifies consent, consideration, and enforceability.
Truth in Lending Disclosure in Promissory Note Valid for Penalty Charges
Supreme Court rules penalty charges disclosed in promissory note satisfy Truth in Lending Act, but courts may reduce unconscionable rates.
Accommodation Party Liability When Signing a Promissory Note With Assumed Responsibility
When does signing a promissory note as an accommodation party create liability? The Supreme Court explains in Co v. Admiral United Savings Bank.
Dacion en Pago: When It Extinguishes a Loan and When It Does Not
The Supreme Court clarifies when a dacion en pago extinguishes a debt, and when a promissory note liability survives.
Loan Agreements and Chattel Mortgages: When Can a Signed Contract Be Challenged
A signed loan document isn't always binding. Learn when Philippine courts allow borrowers to challenge promissory notes and chattel mortgages.
Promissory Notes and Specific Denial: Upholding Loan Obligations in Philippine Law
Learn how the Supreme Court ruled on promissory notes, specific denial requirements, and the best evidence rule in loan recovery cases.
Venue Stipulations in Promissory Notes Extend to Surety Agreements
When a promissory note fixes an exclusive venue, that stipulation binds the surety agreement supporting it, the Supreme Court rules.
Loan Agreement Validity: Actual Receipt of Proceeds as a Prerequisite
Philippine Supreme Court ruling: executing a promissory note is not enough—actual receipt of loan proceeds is essential for liability.
Novation in Philippine Law: Can a Restructuring Agreement Extinguish Promissory Note Obligations?
Philippine Supreme Court clarifies when a restructuring agreement novates promissory notes, and when it merely modifies payment terms without extinguishing the debt.
Promissory Notes vs Loan Agreements: Legitimacy in Philippine Investment Transactions
Philippine Supreme Court clarifies when loan documents are legitimate investments, using a disbarment case to explain forgery, consent, and moral character.
Prioritizing Assignment Rights: The Battle Over Promissory Notes in Trust Receipt Agreements
Supreme Court rules on competing claims over promissory notes under trust receipts and deeds of assignment, emphasizing proof and priority.
Understanding Acceleration Clauses in Philippine Promissory Notes
Learn how Philippine courts interpret acceleration clauses in promissory notes, based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Mendoza v. Court of Appeals.
Mortgage Foreclosure CAN Penalties From Promissory Notes BE Included
Solidary Liability in Promissory Notes: Inciong v. Philippine Bank of Communications
A co-maker who signs a promissory note cannot escape solidary liability by claiming fraud without clear evidence, as explained in this Philippine case.
Understanding Solidary Liability in Philippine Promissory Notes: Inciong Jr. v. Court of Appeals
A Supreme Court ruling explains what signing a promissory note "jointly and severally" means, and why co-makers cannot escape liability.